Here is the notes for Class 8 NCERT Geography – Chapter 5: Industries

• Secondary activities or manufacturing change raw materials into products of more value to people.
• Finished product has more value and utility than the raw material that it is made from.

Industry

• Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.
• Example: steel industry (production of goods), coal mining industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry (service provider)

Classification of Industries

• Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

Raw Materials

• Depending on the type of raw material they use, industries is classified into
  1. Agro based industries
  2. Mineral based industries
  3. Marine based industries
  4. Forest based industries

Agro based Industries

• Uses plant and animal based products as their raw materials.
• Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries.

Mineral based Industries

• Uses mineral ores as their raw materials.
• The products of these industries feed other industries.
• This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Marine based Industries

• Uses products from the sea and oceans as raw materials.
• Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples

Forest based Industries

• Utilises forest produce as raw materials.
• The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

Size

• It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
• Based on size, industries can be classified into
  1. Small scale industries
  2. Large scale industries
• Small scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large scale industries
• Small scale industries produce lesser amount of product as compared to large scale industries
• Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.
  • Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of cottage industry.
• Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

Ownership

• Industries can be classified into
  1. Private sector Industries
  2. Public sector Industries
  3. Joint sector Industries
  4. Co-operative sector

Private sector industries

• Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

Public sector industries

• The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited

Joint sector

• Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
• Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.

Co-operative sector

• Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
• Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success stories of a co-operative venture

Factors Affecting Location of Industries

• The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.
• Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas.
• Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

Industrial System

• An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs
  • Inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. 
  • Processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products
  • Outputs are the end product and the income earned from it
• For example: in case of textile industry
  • Input: cotton, Human labour, factory and transport cost
  • Process: ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing
  • Output: shirt

Industrial regions

• Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia.
• Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields.
• India has several industrial regions like Mumbai Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.

Industrial disaster

• One of the worst industrial disasters of all time occurred in Bhopal on 3 December 1984 around 00:30 a.m. It was a technological accident in which highly poisonous Methyl Isocynate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union Carbide. The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Thousands, who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders etc
• On 23 December 2005, due to gas well blowout in Gao Qiao, Chongging, China, 243 people died, 9,000 were injured and 64,000 were evacuated. Many people died because they were unable to run after the explosion

Distribution of Major Industries

• The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry.
• The iron and steel and textile industry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry.
• The countries in which iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
• Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
• The major hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region

Iron and Steel Industry

• This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.
• The inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure.
• The process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages.

Smelting: It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point

Steel

• Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire.
• Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as aluminium, nickel, and copper.
• Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust.
• Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
• Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals
• From safety pins to ships is made of steel.
• All the important steel producing centres such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states – West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres utilising local resources.

Jamshedpur

• Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO).
• It was privately owned.
• TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.
• Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.
  • Only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line
  • Close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits
  • Close to kolkata, provide large market
  • The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply
• In Jamshedpur, several other industrial plants were set up after TISCO. They produce chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, cable and wire

Pittsburg

• It is an important steel city of the United States of America.
• The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys locational advantages.
  • coal is available locally
  • iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
  • The Great Lakes for shipping ore cheaply
  • The names of Great Lakes are Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan and Erie.
  • The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.
• The Pittsburgh area has many factories other than steel mills.
• These use steel as their raw material to make many different products such as railroad equipment, heavy machinery and rails.

Cotton Textile Industry

• The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world.
• Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand spinning techniques (wheels) and looms.
• In 18th century power looms facilitated the development of cotton textile industry, first in Britain and later in other parts of the world.
• Today India, China, Japan and the USA are important producers of cotton textiles.
• Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market.
• The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design.
• But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics through mechanized industrial units.
• The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
• Initially this industry flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of favourable humid climate.
• Today cotton industry has spread to other parts of India.

Ahmedabad

• It is located in Gujarat on the banks of the Sabarmati river.
• The first mill was established in 1859.
• Ahmedabad was therefore often referred to as the ‘Manchester of India’.
• Ahmedabad is situated very close to cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of raw material.
• Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.
• But in the recent years, Ahmedabad textile mills have been having some problems.
  • This is primarily due to the emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as non upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of Ahmedabad.

Osaka

• It is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.
• The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors
  • easily available for the growth of cotton mills.
  • Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving
  • Labour is easily available
  • Location of port facilitates import of raw cotton and for exporting textiles.
• The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials.
• Cotton is imported from Egypt, India, China and USA.
• The finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due to good quality and low price.

Information Technology (IT)

• The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
• The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure.
• The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California and Bengaluru, India
• Bengaluru is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the name ‘Silicon Plateau’.
• The city is known for its mild climate throughout the year.
• Silicon Valley, is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America.